Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 infection related cough in children / 中华预防医学杂志

An epidemic outbreak of the corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) Omicron variant occurred in most regions of China. Children are susceptible to COVID-19 and the vast majority of them suffer from upper respiratory tract infection. Cough is one of the most common symptoms. COVID-19 infection related cough includes acute cough, persistent cough and chronic cough, and children with original chronic cough or chronic lung disease can also induce or aggravate symptom of cough after infection, which has a great impact on children's physical and mental health. The treatment for COVID-19 infection related cough vary with the etiology. Improper treatment would delay the patient's condition and increase adverse drug reaction. Currently, there is no guideline or consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 infection related cough in children in China, therefore this consensus is drafted. Referring to the latest international research and the diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 infection (Tenth Edition For Trial Implementation), and combining with clinical diagnosis and treatment experience,the consensus elaborates the pathogenesis and etiology of COVID-19 infection related cough, the use of cough relievers and expectorants, as well as the key points of diagnosis and treatment of different etiological factors. It is expected to provide specific and feasible guidance scheme for pediatricians, general practitioners and clinical pharmacists.

Apresentação do Programa de Terapia para Manejo da Tosse Crônica / Presentation of the Therapy Program for Management of Chronic Cough

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar uma proposta de reabilitação fonoaudiológica denominada Programa de Terapia para Manejo da Tosse Crônica (TMTC) para tratamento da tosse crônica refratária. Método O TMTC foi elaborado com base em duas etapas: análise de literatura e análise clínica. A etapa de análise de literatura foi realizada por meio dos procedimentos: busca eletrônica e manual por artigos e livros publicados até junho de 2019 que contemplassem participantes adultos com tosse crônica, e intervenção com terapia fonoaudiológica; seleção das fontes; análise dos artigos e livros incluídos; e, elaboração da versão inicial do programa de terapia. A versão inicial do programa de terapia resultante da etapa de análise de literatura foi submetida a etapa de análise clínica por meio dos procedimentos: análise de três juízes; revisão da proposta pelos autores; reanálise dos juízes; elaboração da versão final denominada Programa de Terapia para Manejo da Tosse Crônica (TMTC). Resultados O TMTC sintetiza o conhecimento científico e a experiência clínica atual sobre o manejo comportamental da tosse crônica refratária em um programa com três componentes principais, cada um com objetivos e estratégias específicos. O TMTC é composto por quatro sessões, com frequência semanal, e duração entre 30 e 45 minutos por sessão, executadas em fases hierárquicas, com objetivos e estratégias específicos por sessão. Conclusão O TMTC é um programa estruturado para oferecer uma reabilitação global da tosse. Faz-se necessário obter evidências científicas sobre sua efetividade para que ele possa ser utilizado na prática clínica.

ABSTRACT Purpose To present a proposal for speech-language pathology rehabilitation called the Therapy Program for Management of Chronic Cough (TMCC) for the treatment of refractory chronic cough. Methods TMCC was developed based on two stages: literature and clinical analysis. The literature analysis stage was carried out through the following procedures: electronic and manual search for articles and books published until June 2019 that included adult participants with chronic cough and intervention with speech-language pathology therapy; selection of sources; analysis of articles and books included; and, preparation of the initial version of the therapy program. The initial version of the therapy program resulting from literature analysis stage was submitted to clinical analysis stage through the following procedures: analysis by three judges; revision of the proposal by the authors; judges' re-analysis; elaboration of the final version called the Therapy Program for Management of Chronic Cough (TMCC). Results TMCC synthesizes scientific knowledge and current clinical experience on the behavioral management of refractory chronic cough into a program with three main components, each one with specific objectives and strategies. TMCC consists of four sessions, with weekly frequency and duration between 30-45 minutes per session, executed in hierarchical phases, with specific objectives and strategies per session. Conclusion TMCC is a program structured to offer global cough rehabilitation. To obtain scientific evidence about its effectiveness is necessary, so that it can be used in clinical practice.

Eficacia de la miel para el tratamiento de la tos aguda en niños atendidos en forma ambulatoria / Efficacy of honey for treatment of acute cough in pediatric outpatients

A partir de una consulta en la central de emergencias de un niño con tos aguda, el autor del artículo realiza una búsqueda bibliográfica para revisar la evidencia sobre el uso de la miel para aliviar este síntoma. Luego de la lectura crítica de una revisión sistemática, el autor concluye que ésta podría ser una alternativa elegible frente a los jarabes para la tos, por su perfil de seguridad y su posible beneficio en el alivio de la tos. (AU)

Based on a consultation at the emergency room of a child with acute cough, the author of this article performs a bibliographic search to review the evidence on the use of honey to alleviate this symptom. After the critical appraisal of a systematic review, the author concludes that honey could be an eligible alternative to cough syrups, due to its safety profile and its possible benefit in cough relief. (AU)

Acercamiento a la tos crónica en adultos / An approach to chronic cough

RESUMEN La tos crónica en los adultos puede ser causada por muchas causas, existen cuatro principales: el síndrome de tos de la vía aérea superior, enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, reflujo laringofaríngeo, asma bronquial, y bronquitis eosinofílica no asmática. Todos los pacientes deben evaluarse clínicamente con espirometria, y comenzar con tratamiento empírico. Otras causas potenciales incluyen el uso de inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina, cambios medioambientales, uso del tabaco, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, y la apnea obstructiva del sueño. La radiografía del tórax puede orientar hacia causas infecciosas, inflamatorias, y malignas. Los pacientes con tos crónica refractaria pueden remitirse a la consulta especializada de un neumólogo u otorrinolaringólogo, además de un ensayo terapéutico con gabapentin, pregabalin, y psicoterapia.

ABSTRACT Although chronic cough in adults can be caused by many etiologies, four conditions account for most cases: upper airway cough syndrome, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, also known as laryngo- pharyngeal reflux disease, bronchial asthma, and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. All patients should be evaluated clinically with spirometry, and empiric treatment should be initiated. Other potential causes include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use, environmental triggers, tobacco use, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obstructive sleep apnea. Chest radiography can rule out concerning infectious, inflammatory, and malignant thoracic conditions. Patients with refractory chronic cough should be referred to a pulmonologist or otolaryngologist in addition to a therapeutic trial of gabapentin, pregabalin, and psychotherapy.

Tos persistente y neuropatía laríngea / Persistent cough and laryngeal neuropathy

RESUMEN La tos persistente es un síntoma de consulta frecuente, de origen multifactorial, que involucra a diferentes especialidades como la neumología, la gastroenterología y la otorrinolaringología. Sus causas más frecuentes son la descarga nasal posterior, tos como variante del asma y reflujo gastroesofágico/faringolaríngeo. Una vez descartadas dichas causas, cobran importancia los trastornos sensoriales del nervio vago, una entidad relativamente nueva que también es conocida como neuropatía laríngea sensitiva. En la neuropatía laríngea, una injuria a nivel neuronal aferente del reflejo de la tos produce un estado de hipersensibilidad laríngea en la que estímulos normalmente ignorados (que no producen respuesta tusígena) comienzan a gatillar el reflejo. Las características clínicas de la tos y el descarte de las causas más frecuentes permite llegar a este diagnóstico. Su tratamiento tiene como objetivo la modulación de las vías neuronales alteradas basándose en 3 pilares: educación sobre la patología, recomendaciones conductuales (higiene vocal, estrategias de reducción de tos) y los fármacos entre los que se usan los inhibidores de bomba de protones, mucolíticos y neuromoduladores.

ABSTRACT Persistent cough is a common symptom for medical consultation, it is of multifactorial origin and involves different specialties such as pneumology gastroenterology and otorhinolaryngology. The most frequent causes are postnasal drip, cough variant asthma and gastroesophageal/pharyngolaryngeal reflux. Once these causes are discarded the vagus nerve sensory disorder becomes of importance, it is a relatively new entity also known as laryngeal sensitive neuropathy. In the laryngeal neuropathy, an injury in the afferent neuronal pathway of the cough reflex produces laryngeal hypersensitivity in which normally ignored stimulus (i.e. do not cause cough) start to trigger the reflex. The clinical features of the cough and the rule out of the most frequent causes allow the diagnosis. The objective of the treatment is to modulate the altered neuronal pathways based on 3 pillars: education regarding the pathology, behavioral recommendations (vocal hygiene, cough reduction strategies) and drugs among which proton pump inhibitors, mucolytics and neuromodulators are used.

Tos en otorrinolaringología: revisión actualizada del enfoque clínico / Cough in otolaryngology: an up to date of the diagnostic approach

La tos ocurre por la compleja acción del arco de la tos. En condiciones normales es esencial para proteger la vía aérea. Es un síntoma muy frecuente, con un gran número de etiologías posibles. El enfrentamiento diagnóstico de los pacientes con tos crónica, puede resultar un desafío diagnóstico. Deben considerarse las patologías más prevalentes, que incluyen el reflujo faringolaríngeo y la descarga posterior: ambas condiciones que son parte del área otorrinolaringológica. En el presente artículo de revisión se pretende entregar un enfoque actualizado de su enfrentamiento y manejo, con la finalidad de aportar información que resulte relevante para la práctica clínica diaria.

Cough occurs due to the complex action of the coughing arch. Under normal conditions it is essential to protect the airway. It is a very frequent symptom with a large of possible etiologies. The diagnosis process of patients with chronic cough can be a challenge. The most prevalent pathologies must be considered. Thus includes pharyngolaryngeal reflux and posterior discharge: both conditions that are part of the otorhinolaryngolocical area. In the present article review, we pretend to provide an updated approach and management to this condition, in order to asses relevant information to daily clinical practice.

Autoavaliação de aspectos respiratórios e vocais após uso do umidificador de traqueostomia em laringectomizados totais / Breathing and voice self-assessments after the use of a heat and moisture exchange in total laryngectomyzed patients

RESUMO Introdução O umidificador de traqueostomia é um dispositivo permutador de calor e umidade que pode interferir nas condições respiratórias e vocais de laringectomizados totais. Objetivo Verificar a autoavaliação de aspectos respiratórios e vocais antes e após o uso do umidificador de traqueostomia, em pacientes submetidos à laringectomia total. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 15 indivíduos acompanhados no serviço de Fonoaudiologia de um hospital oncológico, sendo uma mulher e 14 homens, com idade entre 49 e 76 anos, submetidos à laringectomia total. Foi aplicado um questionário de autoavaliação, relacionado a aspectos respiratórios e vocais antes e após o uso do umidificador de traqueostomia, durante duas semanas. Resultados Permaneceram no estudo 13 indivíduos que referiram melhora da tosse, diminuição do acúmulo de secreção e melhor qualidade respiratória e de voz esofágica, após uso do umidificador de traqueostomia. Conclusão Pacientes laringectomizados totais perceberam melhora na autoavaliação de aspectos respiratórios e vocais após duas semanas de uso do umidificador de traqueostomia.

ABSTRACT Introduction A heat and moisture exchange device could modify respiratory and vocal conditions in patients who received a total laryngectomy. Purpose To verify breathing and voice self-assessments before and after the use of a heat and moisture exchange device in patients who had received a total laryngectomy. Methods The sample included 15 subjects of the Speech Therapy department of a cancer hospital; subjects included 1 woman and 14 men aged 49 to 76 years who had undergone a total laryngectomy. Patients completed a self-assessment questionnaire about breathing and voice before and after two weeks of use of a heat and moisture exchange device. Results Thirteen individuals completed the study and reported improvement in cough, secretion accumulation, sleep, breathing, and esophageal voice after use of a heat and moisture exchange device. Conclusion Patients who had received a total laryngectomy perceived improvements in breathing and voice after two weeks of the use of a heat and moisture exchange device, as measured by self-assessment.

Use of honey associated with Ananas comosus (Bromelin) in the treatment of acute irritative cough / Uso do mel de abelha associado ao Ananas comosus (Bromelin) no tratamento da tosse irritativa aguda

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the immediate improvement rate of irritative cough in patients treated with the combination of Ananas comosus extract and honey (Bromelin®) compared with the use of honey alone (placebo group). Methods: Pragmatic, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study with children aged between 2 and 15 years, with irritative cough for at least 24hours. The double-blind assessment of cough was through the number of observed coughing episodes and intensity score for a period of 10minutes of observation. The decrease of one point in the mean total score was considered as a therapeutic effect. Results: There was a reduction in coughing episodes in both groups, as well as in the cough score after 30minutes of drug or honey administration. The change in clinical score above two points, which could indicate marked improvement, occurred in five patients in the bromelin group and only in one in the placebo group, but without significant difference. There were no adverse events. Conclusions: The immediate improvement rate of irritative cough was similar in patients treated with combination of Ananas comosus extract and honey (Bromelin®) compared with the use of honey alone (placebo group). It is possible that honey has a therapeutic effect on mucus and cough characteristics (Clinical Trials: NCT01356693).

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a taxa de melhoria imediata da tosse irritativa em pacientes tratados com associação do extrato do Ananas comosus em mel de abelha (Bromelin®) e compará-la com a de uso do mel isolado (grupo placebo). Métodos: Estudo pragmático da vida real, duplo-cego, randômico, de grupos paralelos, em crianças, entre dois e 15 anos, com tosse irritativa havia pelo menos 24 horas. A avaliação da tosse foi duplo-cega foi feita por meio da avaliação do número de episódios observáveis e do escore de intensidade de tosse durante o período de 10 minutos de observação. A redução de um ponto na média do escore total foi considerada como efeito terapêutico. Resultados: Em ambos os grupos houve redução do número de episódios de tosse, assim como do escore de tosse após 30 minutos de administração do medicamento ou do mel. A mudança de escore clínico superior a dois, que poderia indicar melhoria acentuada, ocorreu em cinco pacientes do grupo com bromelina e em apenas um do placebo, mas sem diferença significante. Não ocorreram eventos adversos. Conclusões: A taxa de melhoria imediata da tosse irritativa foi similar entre pacientes tratados com associação do extrato do Ananas comosus em mel de abelha (Bromelin®) e com o uso do mel isolado (grupo placebo). É possível que haja um efeito terapêutico do mel nas características do muco e da tosse (Clinical Trials: NCT01356693).

A randomized, controlled, crossover study in patients with mild and moderate asthma undergoing treatment with traditional Chinese acupuncture

OBJECTIVES:This study sought to verify the effects of acupuncture as an adjuvant treatment for the control of asthma.METHODS:This was a randomized, controlled, crossover trial conducted at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. A total of 74 patients with mild/moderate, persistent asthma were randomized into two therapeutic groups: Group A - 31 patients underwent 10 real weekly acupuncture sessions, followed by a 3-week washout period and 10 sham weekly acupuncture sessions; and Group B - 43 patients underwent 10 sham weekly acupuncture sessions, followed by a 3-week washout period and 10 real weekly acupuncture sessions. Patients used short- and long-acting β-2 agonists and inhaled corticosteroids when necessary. Prior to treatment and after each period of 10 treatment sessions, the patients were evaluated for spirometry, induced sputum cell count, exhaled nitric oxide (NO) and with the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and Questionnaire on Quality of Life-Asthma (QQLA) questionnaires. Daily peak flow and symptom diaries were registered. The level of significance adopted was 5% (α=0.05).RESULTS:In Group B, after real acupuncture, there was a decrease in eosinophils (p=0.035) and neutrophils (p=0.047), an increase in macrophages (p=0.001) and an improvement in peak flow (p=0.01). After sham acupuncture treatment, patients experienced less coughing (p=0.037), wheezing (p=0.013) and dyspnea (p=0.014); similarly, after real acupuncture, patients reported less coughing (p=0.040), wheezing (p=0.012), dyspnea (p<0.001) and nocturnal awakening episodes (p=0.009). In Group A, there was less use of rescue medication (p=0.043). After the sham procedure, patients in Group A experienced less coughing (p=0.007), wheezing (p=0.037), dyspnea (p<0.001) and use of rescue medication (p<0.001) and after real acupuncture, these patients showed improvements in functional capacity (p=0.004), physical aspects (p=0.002), general health status (p<0.001) and vitality (p=0.019). Sham acupuncture also led to significant differences in symptoms, but these were not different from those seen with real acupuncture. Spirometry and exhaled NO levels did not show a difference between sham and real acupuncture treatment. In addition, no significant difference was demonstrated between treatments regarding the quality of life evaluation.CONCLUSION:Real and sham acupuncture have different effects and outcomes on asthma control. The crossover approach was not effective in this study because both interventions led to improvement of asthma symptoms, quality of life and inflammatory cell counts. Thus, sham acupuncture cannot serve as a placebo in trials with acupuncture as the main intervention for asthma.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tos crónica en pediatría / Diagnostic and treatment approach of chronic cough in childhood

La tos crónica es un síntoma de diversos procesos patológicos de origen respiratorio o extrarrespiratorio, con impacto negativo en la calidad de vida del niño y su familia. El pediatra debe guiar su acción en busca del diagnóstico etiológico. Una cuidadosa historia clínica es clave para el diagnóstico y una guía para solicitar los estudios complementarios necesarios para la detección de las causas definitivas. La exacta identificación etiológica de la tos crónica debe ser seguida de un tratamiento específico. El abordaje sintomático con antitusivos y mucolíticos es excepcionalmente necesario y debería reservarse para algunas situaciones de tos inespecífica sin causa aparente.

Chronic cough is a symptom of various respiratory and non-respiratory conditions with negative impact on quality of life of children and their families. The pediatricians should focus their efforts in search for etiological diagnosis. A careful medical history and physical examination are the mainstays of diagnosis and guidance to further studies that may contribute to detection of final causes. The etiological identification of chronic cough must be followed by specific treatment. The symptomatic approach with antitussives and mucolytic drugs is exceptionally necessary and should be considered for some situations of nonspecific cough without any specific disease association.

Tosse: neurofisiologia, métodos de pesquisa, terapia farmacológica e fonoaudiológica / Cough: neurophysiology, methods of research, pharmacological therapy and phonoaudiology

Introdução: A tosse é o sintoma respiratório mais comum em crianças e adultos. Objetivo: Apresentar uma revisão sobre a neurofisiologia e os métodos para estudo do reflexo da tosse, bem como a farmacoterapia e terapia fonoaudiológica da tosse, baseada nos trabalhos publicados entre 2005 e 2010 e indexados nas bases Medline, Lilacs e Biblioteca Cochrane sob os unitermos "tosse" ou "antitussígenos". Síntese dos dados: O reflexo da tosse envolve ativação de múltiplos receptores vagais nas vias aéreas e de projeções neurais do núcleo do trato solitário para outras estruturas do sistema nervoso central. Técnicas experimentais permitem estudar o reflexo da tosse ao nível celular e molecular para desenvolver novos agentes antitussígenos. Não há evidências de que antitussígenos isentos de prescrição médica tenham eficácia superior à do placebo para o alívio da tosse. A terapia fonoaudiológica pode beneficiar pacientes com tosse crônica refratária ao tratamento farmacológico, sobretudo quando coexiste movimento paradoxal das pregas vocais. Comentários Finais: A abordagem multidisciplinar tem papel fundamental no diagnóstico etiológico e tratamento da tosse. O otorrinolaringologista deve informar os pacientes sobre os riscos dos antitussígenos de venda livre a fim de prevenir intoxicações e efeitos adversos, especialmente em crianças...

Introduction: The cough is the more common respiratory symptom in children and adults. Objective: To present a revision on the neurophysiology and the methods for study of the consequence of the cough, as well as the pharmacotherapy and phonoaudiology therapy of the cough, based on the works published between 2005 and 2010 and indexed in the bases Medline, Lilacs and Library Cochrane under them to keywords "cough" or "anti-cough". Synthesis of the data: The consequence of the cough involves activation of receiving multiples becomes vacant in the aerial ways and of neural projections of the nucleus of the solitary treatment for other structures of the central nervous system. Experimental techniques allow studying the consequence of the cough to the cellular and molecular level to develop new anti-cough agents. It does not have evidences of that anti-cough exempt of medical lapsing they have superior effectiveness to the one of placebo for the relief of the cough. The phonoaudiology therapy can benefit patients with refractory chronic cough to the pharmacological treatment, over all when paradoxical movement of the vocal folds coexists. Final Comments: The boarding to multidiscipline has basic paper in the etiological diagnosis and treatment of the cough. The otolaryngologist must inform the patients on the risks of the anti-cough of free sales in order to prevent adverse poisonings and effect, especially in children...

Condrosarcoma de pulmón: reporte de un caso / Lung chondrosarcoma: report of a case

El condrosarcoma primitivo de pulmón es una neoplasia maligna de crecimiento lento y escasos síntomas respiratorios al inicio de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer un tumor de pulmón poco frecuente, la evolución del mismo y la revisión de la literatura. El caso descrito en particular presenta disimilitudes con la literatura en cuanto a las manifestaciones clínicas, particularmente en el carácter de la tos y su causa, así como por la ausencia de hemoptisis. Por otra parte, el derrame pleural, solo se ha descrito en algunos casos de este tipo de tumor y el mismo es más frecuente en los tumores de estirpe epitelial. El condrosarcoma primario de pulmón, es una neoplasia que se diferencia por la histología y los estudios de inmunotinción, que por su historia natural amerita el diagnóstico oportuno para emplear la terapéutica que rinda los mejores beneficios y mejore la supervivencia.

The primitive lung chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of slow growth and low respiratory symptoms at the beginning of the course of the disease. The aim of this paper is to present a rare lung tumor, its evolution and the literature review. The case described in particular presents dissimilarities with the world literature regarding in the clinical manifestations, particularly in the character of the cough and its cause, and by the absence of the hemoptysis. Moreover, the pleural effusion, only been described in some cases of patients with this tumor type and the same is more common describe in the epithelial tumors. The primary chondrosarcoma of the lung is aneoplasm that is well differentiated by the histology and the immunohistochemistry studies, which by its the natural history warrants of the early diagnosis for the type of therapeutic uses, will render the best benefits and improvesurvival in the patients.

Doenças respiratórias em pediatria: [revisão] / Pediatric respiratory diseases: [review]

As doenças respiratórias na infância representam importante problema de saúde pública, gerando grande demanda aos serviços médicos. O objetivo desta revisão é analisar as principais condições clínicas na infância que cursam com tosse, condição que frequentemente está presente nas afecções respiratórias. São discutidas as indicações terapêuticas para a tosse produtiva e seca. Como resultado, salienta-se a multiplicidade de quadros etiológicos responsáveis, bem como fatores de risco para o incremento da incidência dessas afecções e se discute a melhor conduta diante do sintoma tosse. Concluindo, o autor salienta a necessidade de esclarecer o quadro clínico, a fim de melhor abordar terapeuticamente a referida condição.

Mothers' use of traditional approaches in the treatment of selected child health problems

This study aimed to understand the extent of mothers' use of traditional approaches in the treatment of certain child health problems. In total, 2,786 mothers with 0-12 month old babies living in central Mars, Turkey were enrolled in the study. Of those, 2,060 mothers participated in the questionnaire. Data were collected between June 3, 2006 and August 28, 2007 via an open-ended questionnaire to determine the mothers' socio-demographic characteristics and what types of traditional approaches they used. The percentage of mothers resorting to traditional approaches to treat each of the following symptoms was: fever, 17.3%; cough, 66.4%; earache, 48.3%; constipation, 74.4%; and diarrhea 40.7%. Mothers with higher education levels were less likely to use traditional practices. Turkey is still used as an example of the use of traditional medicine, although it is less common than in the past. Health care staff, particularly nurses, should contribute to eliminating mothers' lack of child-care knowledge

Revisión semiologica respiratoria Tos: acercamiento a la fisiopatología, enfoque y tratamiento / Review respiratory semiology: cough approach to the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment

La tos es uno de los síntomas respiratorios más amplios y comunes dentro de la consulta médica, encontrándose, en la práctica clínica diaria, grandes dificultades para un adecuado abordaje diagnóstico, clasificación y tratamiento. Puede ser subestimada en la mayoría de los casos, por lo que se hace prioritaria la revisión de este síntoma, abarcando fisiopatología, orientación diagnóstica y aproximación terapéutica.

Algoritmo para evaluar y tratar la tos en la infancia / Algorithm for evaluation and treatment of cough in children

La tos es un reflejo fisiológico complejo que protege a las vías respiratorias de diversas injurias. En ocasiones se transforma en algo pernicioso. La Tos no es una enfermedad "per se" sino un síntoma cardinal de numerososenfermedades respiratorias y extra respiratorias. Es el síntoma máscomún por el cual los enfermos consultan a los médicos en general en APS, incrementándose en forma exponencial en la edad pediátrica. Por lo tanto es un problema de salud mayor por los gastos directos e indirectos que ocasiona su presencia. La etiología de la tos crónica en la infancia (aquella que dura mas de 4 semanas) consideraba al Asma, el Sme.Tos de VAS y el RGE como las causas más frecuentes, agregándose deacuerdo a estudios recientes la Bronquitis Bacteriana Prolongada.

Manifestações extra-esofágicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico / Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease

A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico freqüentemente se apresenta com pirose e regurgitação, os chamados sintomas típicos. Porém, um subgrupo de pacientes apresenta um conjunto de sinais e sintomas que não estão relacionados diretamente ao dano esofágico. A esse conjunto dá-se o nome de manifestações extra-esofágicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Compreendem, principalmente, broncoespasmo, tosse crônica e alterações inflamatórias na laringe (chamados manifestações atípicas). Apesar de essas manifestações formarem um grupo heterogêneo, algumas considerações gerais englobam todos os subgrupos: embora a associação entre a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e as manifestações extra-esofágicas esteja bem estabelecida, uma relação entre causa e efeito definitiva ainda não está elucidada; em relação à patogênese das manifestações extra-esofágicas, os principais mecanismos propostos são a injúria direta do tecido extra-esofágico pelo conteúdo ácido gástrico refluído e o reflexo esôfago-brônquico mediado pelo nervo vago; a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico pode não ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial do grupo de pacientes que apresenta somente os sintomas atípicos. Este artigo revisa as manifestações extra-esofágicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico encontradas na literatura, discutindo a epidemiologia, patogênese, diagnóstico e tratamento, com foco nas apresentações mais estudadas e estabelecidas.

Tosse crônica na infância / Chronic coughing in childhood

A tosse é uma queixa muito comum na pediatria. A tosse crônica é uma síndrome com diferentes causas e cujo tratamento correto se apoia no diagnóstico causal. As causas variam de acordo com a idade sendo as infecções das vias aéreas superiores, doença reativa das vias aéreas e sinusite as mais comuns. Na maioria das vezes o diagnóstico se baseia em dados de anamnese e exame físico. São significativos os antecedentes pessoais e familiares na busca de doenças atópicas, infecciosas e congênitas, as características da tosse, os sintomas associados e a relação da tosse com uso de medicamentos. Os autores fazem uma revisão sobre a fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da tosse crônica na infância.

Cough is a common complain in pediatric medicine. Chronic cough is a syndrome with several different causes and the definitive treatment depends on determining its precise cause. There are many causes of cough and the diagnosis should be considered based on age of the child. The most common causes are upper respiratory tract infection, reactive airway disead and sinusitis. The history and physical examination are important to findf out the cause. The childhood history and family history, allergic diseases, infections diseases, congenital malformations, characteristics of the cough, associated symptoms and the relationship to treatment also are necessary. this approach emphasizes knowledge of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in children.